Scholars debate numerous definitions of fascism and how they resemble or differ from other repressive political systems such as authoritarianism, Nazism, nationalism, or totalitarianism. In general, fascism is a form of government and economic system that severely limits individual freedom and rights and controls the economy. Fascist governments are typically controlled by a single leader. No one is more powerful than such leaders and the rule of law does not apply to them. Fascism is also characterized by an “us” versus “them” mentality.
Hitler’s Germany and Mussolini’s Italy are considered fascist states. Adolf Hitler (the Führer) and his Nazi party came to power in Germany in 1933, pursuing a racial ideology that aspired to create a pure “Aryan” German nation. Benito Mussolini (Il Duce), who founded the National Fascist Party in Italy, came to power in 1922 and was deposed in 1943. Both Hitler and Mussolini supported Franco’s military coup to destroy the democratically elected Spanish Republic. Some historians argue that Franco’s form of governance can also be called fascist. While Hitler and Mussolini did not survive World War II, Franco’s dictatorship lasted until his death in 1975.
Learn more about fascism
Mindy Weisberger. “What is Fascism?” LiveScience. 29 November 2021.